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GPG 구성 가이드

GPG (GNU Privacy Guard)는 커밋 서명의 전통적인 표준입니다:

왜 GPG 서명인가요?

  • 인증 배지 GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket에서 표시.
  • 신뢰 네트워크 — 다른 사람이 당신의 키에 서명할 수 있습니다.
  • 키 만료 및 폐지 — 내장된 수명 주기 관리.
  • 암호화 — 같은 키로 파일과 이메일을 암호화.

사전 요구사항

  • GnuPG 2.2+ (gpg --version)
  • Git 2.0+
  • GitHub / GitLab

1단계: GPG 키 생성

bash
# Generate a new GPG key (RSA 4096-bit)
gpg --full-generate-key
  1. (1) RSA and RSA
  2. 4096
  3. 1y
  4. Your Full Name
  5. your@email.com
bash
# List secret keys with key IDs
gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format=long
text
sec   rsa4096/ABC123DEF4567890 2026-03-08 [SC] [expires: 2027-03-08]
      ABCDEF1234567890ABCDEF1234567890ABCDEF12
uid                 [ultimate] Your Name <your@email.com>
ssb   rsa4096/1234567890ABCDEF 2026-03-08 [E] [expires: 2027-03-08]

2단계: Git 구성

bash
# Set your signing key
git config --global user.signingkey ABC123DEF4567890

# Enable automatic commit signing
git config --global commit.gpgsign true

# Enable automatic tag signing
git config --global tag.gpgsign true

# Set the GPG program
git config --global gpg.program gpg
ini
[user]
    signingkey = ABC123DEF4567890
[commit]
    gpgsign = true
[tag]
    gpgsign = true
[gpg]
    program = gpg

3단계: GPG 에이전트 구성

bash
# Create or edit gpg-agent.conf
mkdir -p ~/.gnupg
cat > ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf << 'EOF'
default-cache-ttl 28800
max-cache-ttl 28800
pinentry-program /usr/bin/pinentry-curses
EOF

# Restart the agent
gpgconf --kill gpg-agent
gpg-agent --daemon

macOS

bash
# Install pinentry-mac
brew install pinentry-mac
echo "pinentry-program $(which pinentry-mac)" > ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
gpgconf --kill gpg-agent

GPG TTY

bash
export GPG_TTY=$(tty)

4단계: 서명 및 검증

bash
# Commits are now signed automatically
git commit -m "feat: add new feature"

# Or sign explicitly
git commit -S -m "feat: signed commit"

# Sign a tag
git tag -s v1.0.0 -m "Release v1.0.0"

# Verify the last commit
git log --show-signature -1

# Verify a tag
git tag -v v1.0.0

5단계: 키 내보내기 및 등록

bash
# Export in ASCII format
gpg --armor --export ABC123DEF4567890

GitHub

  1. Settings → SSH and GPG keys → New GPG key
  2. -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

GitLab

  1. Preferences → GPG Keys

Keyserver

bash
gpg --keyserver keys.openpgp.org --send-keys ABC123DEF4567890

키 관리

bash
# Extend expiration
gpg --edit-key ABC123DEF4567890
# expire → save

# Backup secret key
gpg --armor --export-secret-keys ABC123DEF4567890 > gpg-secret-key.asc

# Backup trust
gpg --export-ownertrust > gpg-trust.txt

# Restore
gpg --import gpg-secret-key.asc
gpg --import-ownertrust gpg-trust.txt

Chezmoi 통합

bash
# Add GPG config files
chezmoi add ~/.gnupg/gpg.conf
chezmoi add ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
chezmoi add ~/.gitconfig
ini
[user]
    signingkey = {{ .gpg_key_id }}
[commit]
    gpgsign = true
[tag]
    gpgsign = true
[gpg]
    program = gpg
toml
[data]
gpg_key_id = "ABC123DEF4567890"

문제 해결

ProblemSolution
gpg: signing failed: No secret keyuser.signingkeygpg --list-secret-keys
gpg: signing failed: Inappropriate ioctlexport GPG_TTY=$(tty)
No passphrase promptpinentry-mac / pinentry-curses
error: gpg failed to sign the datagpgconf --kill gpg-agent

플랫폼 참고사항

FeaturemacOSLinuxWSL
GnuPG 2.2+
pinentry-macN/AN/A
pinentry-curses
Keyserver
Chezmoi

관련 항목